PART
II
CHAPTER7
POSITION,
RELEVENCE AND ILLUSION
In this text Sen Uses a
simple example about position, is about the size of sun and moon. In this
example he tell us the that person may say that the size of sun equal with the
size of moon, although we know that science is prove that statement is wrong, because
the position of person is lack of ability to understand how to measure the size
of those object or maybe there is some tradition that order him to believe that
the size is equal, but is also permitted that a person say that the size is different
because that person is understand about their position, this thing is made a
person must become more aware to observe something . This position problem is
not only come from the science but also from society, in society the position
is determine how we think, how “rational” we are, how to judge something, or to
understand what is justice. This “position” if accept with full believe to
become a foundation of our why of think of society, is made a discrimination and
injustice become a common idea, this position is called positional illusion. The
consequent of this positional illusion is there will positional objective, so
the question is how we can get that position?
Sen believe that we
never can become whole to get that position, because he realize that there is a
limit in our body to understand whole position, it like we can have position in
nowhere, so what we can do is find a comparison, not the transcendental comparison,
but what Sen term is “neighbor.” In society we must understand about the other person,
to realize that justice is something that we must achieve by the feeling and
realizing with the other.
CHAPTER
8
RATIONALITY
AND OTHER PEOPLE
In this chapter the
main problem is about rationality and decision. Rationality is considered with
something that can maximize our self benefit. Sen agree that this rationality
is something that can control our decision become more wisely. This kind of
rationality is based on the cases if a person is live in unequal place, that
person will work hard in order to makes this person life better, but not only that,
that person should have some sense of justice to made that places have a
equality. So what Sen mean is there is no way that a person will only focus
with self but it also mix with society condition that based on sense of
justice.
When we act something with
the other people we will have two kind of feeling sympathy and commitment, sympathy
is considered as feeling we realize if we are in the other position. Commitment
is considered as
CHAPTER 10
REALIZATION,
CONSEQUENCES AND AGENCY
A conversation that occurs in the ancient
Sanskrit epic Mahabrata was discussed in the Introduction. The dialogue is
between Arjuna and Khrisna, is about radically divergent perspective to the
debate. This argument emerges as a introduction to this chapter. The
conversation is about the duties of human beings in general and of Arjuna in
particular. The force of the Arjuna-Khrisna debate has generated much moral and
political deliberation. This conversation occurs is called the Bhagavadgita, it
has attracted religious and philosophical attention.
Arjuna and Khrisna see the armies on the two
sides and reflect on the gigantic battle that is about to begin. Arjuna is bothered
by the fact that he will have to kill a great many people himself, and that
most of people who will be fighthing and may well be killed have done nothing
that is particularly reprehensible other than agreeing. Khrisna argues that
Arjuna must do his duty, come what may, and in this case he has a duty to
fight, no matter what results from it. It is a just cause, and as a warrior and
a general on whom his side must rely, he cannot waver from his obligations. Khrsihna’s
high deontology, including his duty centered and consequence-independent
reasoning, has been deeply influential in moral debates in subsequent
millennia.
Both Arjuna and Krishna present reasoning on
their respective sides, which can be seen as a classic debate between
consequence-independent deontology and consequence-sensitive assessment.
Mahabharata ends largely as a tragedy, with lamentation about death and
carnage, and there is anguish and grief accompanying the victory and triumph of
the ‘just’ case.
As we proceed from here to the relevance of
all this to the understanding of the demands of justice, it is useful to
distinguish between three rather different. First, central to Arjuna’s
reasoning is his general belief that what happens to the world must matter and
be significant in our moral and political thinking. Second, concerns about
personal responsibility. Third, Arjuna also identifies the people who would be
killed, and he is particularly bothered by having to kill people for whom he
has affection, including his own relatives.
In Sen earlier work on decision theory and
rational choice, He had argued for the importance of paying particular
attention to ‘comprehensive outcomes’ that include actions undertaken, agencies
involved, processed, etc. Along with the simple outcomes seen in a way that is detached
from processes, agencies and relations what he has been calling ‘culmination
outcomes’.
Whether the ideas of
responsibility and social realizations, as explored here, should be place in
some wide enough baskets called “consequentialism” is not a question of much substantial
interest. The importance of recognizing that the perspective of social
realizations is a great deal more exclusive